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1994: ELECTIONS TO THE EUROPEAN PARLIAMENT

Nota adhesivaEvery five years EU citizens choose who represents them in the European Parliament.

Every country is assigned a number of seats depending on the size of its population.







The 1994 European election was the fourth election to the European Parliament and the third European election in Spain. They were held on June, 12. 

Source: El País

Participation in Spain increased up to 59.14%, five points higher than the previous elections in 1989. 



Source: Wikipedia


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Source: http://www.europarl.europa.eu/atyourservice/en/20150201PVL00036/Elections

2004: THE EU REACTION TO THE TERRORIST ATTACKS IN MADRID

2004 was a terrible year for Spain. This tragedy is known by the name of the 2004 Madrid train bombing, but in Spain we call it the "11-M", because it happened on the 11th of March.  

The attack was made by a cell of Al Qaeda. It killed 192 people and injured 1991 persons from different countries. 

All the bombs exploded between 7:37 and 7:40, and all the trains departed from Alcalá de Henares train station. Three bombs exploded at Atocha station. Two more bombs exploded at el Pozo de Tío Raimundo station. Another bomb exploded at Santa Eugenia station, and the last four bombs exploded at Calle Téllez (near the Atocha station).

Following the terrorist attacks in Madrid, on 11 March 2004, the European Councils adopted several measures concerning EU support to the assistance between the Member States against the consequences of terrorist threats and attacks:

1. To deepen the international consensus and enhance international efforts to combat terrorism; 

2. To reduce the access of terrorists to financial and economic resources; 

3. To maximise the capacity within EU bodies and Member States to detect, investigate and prosecute terrorists and to prevent terrorist attacks; 

4. To protect the security of international transport and ensure effective systems of border control; 

5. To enhance the capability of the European Union and of member States to deal with the consequences of a terrorist attack; 

6. To address the factors which contribute to support for, and recruitment into, terrorism; 

7. To target actions under EU external relations towards priority Third Countries where counter-terrorist capacity or commitment to combating terrorism needs to be enhanced. 


Unfortunately, there is still a lot of work to do.



BELGIUM-EU-FRANCE-ATTACKS-MEDIA
Source: Emmanuel Dunand—AFP/Getty Images



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Source: 

-http://www.consilium.europa.eu/uedocs/cmsUpload/15480EU_Solidarity_Programme.pdf
-file:///C:/Users/MediaMarkt/Downloads/EU%20Plan%20of%20Action_tcm92-132204.pdf

2003: A HEATWAVE DEVASTATES EUROPE!

A heatwave devastated many EU's countries in 2003. Spain was one of them.


lstday.diff.2003_cb_pre
Source: NASA

The summer of 2003 will always be remembered by the huge heatwave that affected not only ecosystems, but also population. Europe reached the highest temperatures ever recorded since 1981.


This heatwave also caused many forest fires.
Spruce Forest Burning
Source: worldpreservationfoundation.org

Only in Spain, there were 12.963 deaths attributed to this heatwave.





The UE tried to help those countries who had suffered this phenomenon. The UE made a solution proposal where it explains that they will give money to every country affected by it, and that they will recognise the hard work of the rescue groups and of the sanitary services. The EU also emphasized the importance of designing more efficient policies to prevent fires.


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Sources: 

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/sides/getDoc.do?pubRef=-//EP//TEXT+MOTION+B5-2003-0390+ 0+DOC+XML+V0//ES

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ola_de_calor_en_Europa_en_2003

http://elpais.com/diario/2004/06/29/sociedad/1088460003_850215.html

2002: THE BARCELONA SUMMIT

Source: hablamosdeeuropa.es

Great security measures in Barcelona because of the European Summit in March 15.




Source: El País
In 2002, Barcelona lived the biggest police gathering ever recorded in a Spanish city. The Government wanted to avoid unauthorised intrusions in the EU meeting, and the most important thing: to prevent the possibility of a terrorist attack.


The Spanish authorities were expecting tens of thousands of demonstrators to converge on the meeting.  8,500 police, armed with tear gas and rubber bullets, were summoned for the event.


Spain temporarily suspended its adherence to Europe's free transit Schengen agreement to set up border controls at its frontiers.


                           


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Sources: 

https://es.wikipedia.org/wiki/Acontecimientos_internacionales_en_Barcelona

http://www.belt.es/noticias/2002/02_marzo/11_15/14_UE_Bcn.htm

http://www.theguardian.com/world/2002/mar/15/qanda.globalisation

1993: CITIZENS OF THE EU

European Union Citizenship is defined by the Treaty of Maastricht as follows: “Every person holding the nationality of a Member State of the European Union is, as a result, a citizen of the Union.  Citizenship of the Union supplements national citizenship without replacing it.” 

In 1993, Citizenship of the European Union became real. European Union citizenship gives us, among other rights, the right to vote in European and municipal elections, the right to free movement, residence and employment across the EU, and the right to consular protection by other EU states' embassies.




Source: access-info.org/



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Sources:

http://ec.europa.eu/justice/citizen/index_en.htm
- http://www.20minutos.es/noticia/1839891/0/ano/europeo/ciudadanos/

2001: THE EU PROJECT "LIFE" HELPS MALLORCA!

Source: ec.europa.eu
THE EU PROJECT "LIFE" HELPS MALLORCA!


Thanks to the EU project "Life", Mallorca received nearly 370,500,000€ in 2001 to improve its resources to obtain energy and more specifically, to remodel windmills and to make them more efficient.



Source: arbolesymedioambiente.es

The title of the project was:

"Advantages of using wind power as a source of energy for water extraction from the subsoil by recycling and modernizing the windmills in the agricultural area of the north of Mallorca."

Source: UIB

Objectives of the project:

-To encourage the use of wind power as a source of energy by recycling old windmills.

-To improve rural environment and to restore this important patrimony.



Description of the project:

In the north of Mallorca there are 489 windmills, most of which are not used and are deteriorated, except for some that have been restored for aesthetics reasons but that don't work as windmills anymore. 


Windmills take advantage of kinetic wind energy in order to transform it into mechanical power, which is used for water extraction.

In some cases they can generate electricity.



The viability studies indicate that the total substitution of conventional energy for wind energy isn’t possible, but could be used as a complement.




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Sources 

http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/publications/otherpub/documents/lifeenvspain.pdf

2000: A EU INTERVENTION IN.... FOOTBALL!

Did you know that the European Union has intervened in football issues in more than one occasion? 


Sources: Diario La Vanguardia

As far as the European Commission is concerned, football is a multi-billion euro business activity that cannot be exempted from the competition rules designed to deal with workers' rights. 

According to the EU, the transfer system of football players breached the EU law of free competition and movement of workers. 

The EU said that: "A player must be at least one full year at his club and cannot be transferred to more than one team the same season"

FIFA, UEFA and the EU reached an agreement on footballers' transfers and contracts.

A EU Declaration on Sport in the 2000 Nice Treaty suggested that EU's involvement in football should be made permanent by setting up a sports agency and a partnership with UEFA. 


UEFA wanted to work with the EU and was contrary to FIFA’s view that the EU should keep out of sport.  

                         

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Sources: Diario La Vanguardia

1992: LIFE, A EU PROGRAMME TO PROTECT THE NATURE

Source: ec.europa.eu
In 1992 LIFE "came to life".

What is LIFE?

According to their site, LIFE is a EU programme dedicated to the environment. Its general objective is contributing to sustainable development and to the achievement of the objectives of the European Strategy. 




And what does LIFE do?

The main things that this program does is supporting financial development and interventions destined to the preservation of Nature and sustainable development of urban and rural environments.


Since 1992 the EU has financed more than 4000 LIFE projects, 699 projects of which have been financed in Spain. Of these, 434 focus on environmental innovation, 256 on nature conservation and nine on information and communication. These projects represent a total investment of €1.1 billion, of which €530 million have been contributed by the European Union.

"Morena", the oldest female (13 years old) of the captive breeding program of the Iberian ... rel=
© WWF / WWF-Spain / Jesus Cobo
Many LIFE projects in Spain are related to the preservation of endangered species. For example, you can look at the project to protect the Iberian lynx here






You can find more information about LIFE on the Spanish Ministry of Agriculture, Food and Environment's page: 
http://www.magrama.gob.es/es/ministerio/servicios/ayudas-subvenciones/programa-life/default.aspx




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Sources: 
- http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/
- http://ec.europa.eu/environment/life/countries/spain.html


1999: SPAIN TAKES COMMAND OF EUROCORPS



Source: eurofora.net
Have you ever heard anything about Eurocorps?
If you haven't, you are probably in the right place.

Eurocorps (or also called the European Corps) is an intergovernmental military corps of approximately 1,000 soldiers stationed in Strasbourg, Alsace and France that was created on the 3rd of October in 1993 (but became operational 2 years later).

Eurocorps can act upon request for support from multinational organizations such as the UNNATO or the EU


According to their site, this kind of “army” was created by some countries of the EU (France, Germany and Belgium) and its goals were:

  1. To do humanitarian aid work after a natural or industrial disaster.
  2. Maintenance and restoration of peace.
  3. To ensure the common defense of allies using high-intensity combat.

  And did Spain take part in this army? Of course, and it even had  a Spanish leader(for some time).




The Spanish Lieutenant General Juan Ortuño takes command of Eurocorps


There was a very big ceremony in the headquarters of Eurocorps in Strasbourg when the Lieutenant General, Juan Ortuño, took command of Eurocorps in front of other important soldiers from Germany, France and Luxembourg. His main goal was to make the Eurocorps a Fast Reaction Force for crisis situations in the EU. 

(Source: "La Vanguardia", November 27th, 1999)




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Sources:

http://www.europarl.europa.eu/meetdocs/2014_2019/documents/sede/dv/sede260215overvieweurocorps_/sede260215overvieweurocorps_en.pdf